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2013 考研英语二真题及答案
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for
each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10
points)
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would
move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made
electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the
corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two
decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week
predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize
the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later.
Why has the movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?
Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient
than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the
disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the
computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make
electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have
the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers
are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers
several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and
funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of
the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic
payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth,
electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We
often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access
a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.
Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might
be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___
funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The
___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of
computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further
concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic
___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.
There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able
to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.
1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise
2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around
3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role
4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse
5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady
6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on
7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive
8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant
9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print
10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down
11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when
12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn
13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though
14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease
15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed
16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear
17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return
18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification
19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for
20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions
after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson
relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been
automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog.
The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the
machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently
appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high
unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of
the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,
which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign
worker.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job,could earn
an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just
won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have
so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor,
cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.
Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution
that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But
there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in
2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the
gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing
jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.
There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But
the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and
the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better
education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need
to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than
passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every
American has access to poet-high school education.
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______
[A] the impact of technological advances
[B] the alleviation of job pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has
to______
[A] work on cheap software
[B] ask for a moderate salary
[C] adopt an average lifestyle
[D] contribute something unique
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______
[A] gains of technology have been erased
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
[C] factories are making much less money than before
[D] new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important
is_____
[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution
[B] to ensure more education for people
[C] ro advance economic globalization
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the
text?
[A] New Law Takes Effect
[B] Technology Goes Cheap
[C] Average Is Over
[D] Recession Is Bad
Text 2
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers
and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home
in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin
people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian
immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had
an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers
into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in
the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political
paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to
change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick
definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of
passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to
solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers,
home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage.
They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of
work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them
, They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities
with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they
can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying
forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that
they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new
attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture
war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and
understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and
multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in
the existing system.
26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____
[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.
[B] leave their home countries for good.
[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.
[D] find permanent jobs overseas.
27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the
US____
[A] needs new immigrant categories.
[B] has loosened control over immigrants.
[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.
[D] has been fixeed via political means.
28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___
[A] fiancial incentives.
[B] a global recognition.
[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.
[D] the freedom to stay and leave.
29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated
__
[A] as faithful partners.
[B] with economic favors.
[C] with legal tolerance.
[D] as mighty rivals.
30 which of the best title for the passage?
[A] come and go: big mistake.
[B] living and thriving : great risk.
[C] with or without : great risk.
[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.
Text 3
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if
we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce
or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging
whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react
very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other
factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need
at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of
personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the
interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that
viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20
percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We
unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those
impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food
flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to
consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason
good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can
take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely
to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their
biases-or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice”
information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced”
long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple
will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer
evaluation; two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what
differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only
intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12
percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology
might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have
the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed
trend.
31. The time needed in making decisions may____.
[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation
[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction
[C] depend on the importance of the assessment
[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.
[A] can be associative
[B] are not unconscious
[C] can be dangerous
[D] are not impulsive
33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.
[A] trust our first impression
[B] do as people usually do
[C] think before we act
[D] ask for expert advice
34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.
[A] critical assessment
[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study
[C] sensible explanation
[D] adequate information
35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.
[A] tolerant
[B] uncertain
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