英语语法基础知识点汇总：形容词和副词

4. 形容词和副词 4.1 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常， 可将形容词分成 性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化 ， 可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有 级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以 a 开头的形容词都属于这一类。 例如：afraid 害怕的。 (错) He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill. (错) She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid. 这 类 词 还 有 ： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰 以-thingthing 为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 4.1 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成 性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化 ， 可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有 级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以 a 开头的形容词都属于这一类。 例如：afraid 害怕的。 (错) He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill. (错) She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid. 这 类 词 还 有 ： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰 以-thingthing 为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 4.2 以-thingly 结尾的形容词 1) 大 部 分 形 容 词 加 -thingly 可 构 成 副 词 。 但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍 为形容词。 改错：(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-thingly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如 ： the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope. 2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复 数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词-thing-thing数词-thing-thing描绘词-thing-thing(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -thing-thing出处-thing-thing材料性 质，类别-thing-thing名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 答案：C。由"限定词-thing-thing数词-thing-thing描绘词-thing-thing(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -thing-thing性质-thing-thing名词"的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有 C 符合答案。 2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案 A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大 小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。 3) -thing-thing-thing-thing How was your recent visit to Qingdao? -thing-thing-thing-thing It was great. We visited some friends ，and spent the ___days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系 密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在 前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表： 限定词+数量词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高 低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词 old + brown + wood + table 4.5 副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。 一、副词的位置： 1) 在动词之前。 2) 在 be 动词、助动词之后。 3) 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平 衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词 well，badly 糟、坏，hard 等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well. 二、副词的排列顺序： 1) 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。 2) 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用 and 或 but 等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 3) 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。 注意：副词 very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。 改错：(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much. 注意：副词 enough 要放在形容词的后面，形容词 enough 放在名词前 后都可。 I don't know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 4.6 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close 与 closely close 意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地" He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. 2) late 与 lately late 意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近" You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? 3) deep 与 deeply deep 意思是"深"，表示空间深度;deeply 时常表示感情上的深度，"深深 地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4) high 与 highly high 表示空间高度;highly 表示程度，相当于 much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5) wide 与 widely wide 表示空间宽度;widely 意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方" He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 6) free 与 freely free 的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like. 4.10 可修饰比较级的词 1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等 2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 3)以上词(除 by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。 典型例题: 1) -thing-thing-thing-thing Are you feeling ____? -thing-thing-thing-thing Yes，I'm fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite 修饰原级，well 的比较级为 better. 2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much 答案：C. much 可修饰比较级，因此 B，C 都说得通，但 easier 本身已 是比较级，不需 more，因此 C 为正确答案。 3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案：D。 4.11 many,old 和 far 1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词 many more +可数名词复数 2) old 有 两 种 比 较 级 和 最 高 级 形 式 : older/oldest 和 elder/eldest 。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。 My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 3) far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。 在美语中，father 表示距离，further 表示进一步。 I have nothing further to say. 4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。 形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。 It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意： a. very 可修饰最高级，但位置与 much 不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent. 3) 句型转换： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 4) "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this. =Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing. 4.13 和 more 有关的词组 1) the more… the more… 越……就越…… The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 2) more B than A 与其说 A 不如说 B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less… than… 与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you. 4) more than 不只是，非常 She is more than kind to us all. 典型例题 1)The weather in China is different from____. A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家， C 不能选。A 没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B 和 D 中，B 中的 one 常用 来代替可数名词，而 that 可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选 D。 2)After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 答案 C. 此句意为"这个厂 1988 能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍 数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为 C。 This ruler is three times as long as that one.